Introduction to Peptide Research
SLU PP 332 represents a significant area of interest in laboratory research, particularly for its properties as a non-selective estrogen-related receptor (ERR) agonist. This synthetic small molecule has garnered attention among researchers for its potential applications in metabolic health studies and as an exercise mimetic in laboratory settings. The compound is exclusively intended for laboratory research purposes and should not be utilized for human or veterinary applications, highlighting the critical importance of responsible handling and use by qualified researchers.
Washington University has also contributed to the research and development of SLU PP 332, highlighting collaborative efforts in advancing this field.
Research indicates that SLU PP 332 enhances oxidative phosphorylation in cellular models, which may contribute to its observed effects on mitochondrial function in experimental settings. SLU PP 332 is part of a new generation of molecules designed to target metabolic pathways and improve energy metabolism. The compound’s ability to influence these fundamental cellular processes makes it valuable for researchers investigating metabolic pathways and energy production mechanisms.
For research facilities seeking high-quality materials, SLU PP 332 is available from reputable seller sources that specialize in compounds for scientific studies. When selecting a product for laboratory research, it’s essential to review the manufacturer details and ensure that all materials meet the necessary standards for experimental work. Researchers can buy SLU PP 332 from specialized suppliers for laboratory research purposes, and it is important to purchase only from reputable sources.
SLU PP 332 is considered part of the broader field of experimental therapeutics focused on metabolic health.
Historical Background and Discovery of SLU PP 332
SLU PP 332 traces its origins to the early 2000s at the Saint Louis University School of Medicine, where it was first synthesized as part of a pioneering research initiative. The “SLU” prefix in its name pays homage to the institution that spearheaded its development. This compound emerged from a focused effort to create novel modulators of estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), a class of nuclear receptors with significant roles in cellular metabolism and energy regulation. The development of SLU PP 332 was supported by grants from the National Institute and other national institutes, including agencies such as the National Institute of Aging and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
What sets SLU PP 332 apart in laboratory research is its balanced agonist activity across all three ERR subtypes—ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ. This broad-spectrum action marked a breakthrough in the field, enabling researchers to investigate systemic metabolic responses rather than isolated effects. Early studies quickly demonstrated the compound’s ability to enhance oxidative phosphorylation and improve exercise capacity in preclinical models, sparking widespread interest in its potential as an exercise mimetic and metabolic modulator.
The discovery of SLU PP 332 has since fueled a wave of research into its applications for metabolic health, endurance, and cardiovascular function. Its unique properties have made it a compound of interest for scientists exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying exercise adaptation and mitochondrial function. As a result, SLU PP 332 remains intended exclusively for laboratory research purposes, providing a valuable tool for studies focused on oxidative phosphorylation, exercise, and endurance.
For those looking to purchase SLU PP 332 for laboratory research, reputable sellers such as Loti Labs offer high-quality products with fast shipping options, ensuring that research teams receive reliable materials for their experimental needs. The continued development and availability of SLU PP 332 underscore its importance in advancing our understanding of metabolic regulation and exercise biology. Findings related to SLU PP 332 and ERRα have been published in journals such as Pharmacological Experimental Therapeutics (pharmacol exp ther).
Chemistry and Structure
The molecular architecture of SLU PP 332, formally known as 4-hydroxy-N-[(Z)-naphthalen-2-ylmethylideneamino]benzamide, features a distinctive hydrazone linkage between a 4-hydroxybenzamide core and a naphthalene ring. SLU PP 332 is a research drug designed for laboratory studies. This structural arrangement proves critical to its research applications and biological activity in laboratory models.
Studies have shown that the Z-configuration at the C=N double bond is particularly important for the compound’s ability to bind to the ERR ligand-binding domain, making this aspect of its structure crucial for researchers to understand when designing experiments. SLU PP 332 was developed as a synthetic ERRα agonist to specifically target estrogen-related receptors, enabling precise modulation of these nuclear hormone receptors while minimizing potential estrogenic effects.
The molecular design of SLU PP 332 allows it to interact with specific drug targets within the ERR family. The synthesis of SLU PP 332 follows a two-step chemical process that begins with the conversion of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid to 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide through esterification and hydrazinolysis, followed by condensation with 2-naphthaldehyde to form the active hydrazone. This synthetic pathway ensures consistent production of high-purity compound for laboratory use.
Laboratory research has determined that SLU PP 332 is highly soluble in DMSO (approximately 75 mg/ml), making it convenient for experimental preparations. In contrast, its solubility in water is limited, which may influence physiological effects observed in research models, such as sweating or dehydration due to water loss. The compound demonstrates stability for up to two years when stored at -20°C, an important consideration for researchers planning long-term studies. With typical purity exceeding 98%, SLU PP 332 provides researchers with reliable material for consistent experimental outcomes.
How SLU PP 332 Activates Estrogen Related Receptor Alpha (ERRα) to Enhance Mitochondrial Function
Research indicates that SLU PP 332 functions primarily as an agonist of estrogen related receptor α (ERRα), also known as estrogen related receptor alpha, with particular affinity for the ERRα subtype at an EC50 of 98 nM in laboratory studies. ERRs are orphan nuclear receptors that play central roles in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy homeostasis in experimental models.
When introduced to cellular systems, SLU PP 332 has been shown to stabilize the active conformation of ERR receptors, thereby enhancing their transcriptional activity. This action appears to promote the upregulation of genes involved in fat oxidation, glucose metabolism, and thermogenesis in preclinical models – processes that respond to similar pathways as those activated during physical exercise. Compared to γ agonist compounds, which target estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ), ERRα activation by SLU PP 332 shares some effects on metabolic pathways but may differ in the extent and specificity of gene regulation.
Laboratory research suggests that SLU PP 332 enhances the recruitment of coactivators such as PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha), which are integral to mitochondrial gene expression and biogenesis. The activation of these downstream signaling pathways has been observed to improve mitochondrial activity and cellular respiration in both cellular and animal models, leading to increasing energy expenditure and increased energy expenditure, as well as promoting fat burning and the utilization of fatty acids.
Preclinical studies indicate favorable pharmacokinetic properties for SLU PP 332, though it’s important to note that this compound remains exclusively in the research domain at present. These metabolic changes mimic the effects of exercising, resulting in more energy being available for cellular processes. Ongoing laboratory investigations continue to explore the full scope of its mechanism of action and potential applications in various experimental systems.
While ERRα and ERRγ can bind to some of the same target genes, they do not always have the same role in metabolic regulation, highlighting the distinct yet overlapping contributions of each receptor to energy metabolism.
Therapeutic Applications
Laboratory research utilizing SLU PP 332 has demonstrated its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce adiposity in animal models, making it a compound of interest for research into specific diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and as a potential treatment for metabolic syndrome. Studies suggest that this ERR agonist may have research value for investigating pathways relevant to metabolic regulation and potential treatments for these conditions.
In experimental settings, SLU PP 332 is considered a new candidate in the field of metabolic research. It has been shown to activate metabolic pathways typically associated with aerobic exercise, allowing researchers to study exercise mimetic effects in controlled laboratory conditions. This property has generated significant interest among scientists studying exercise physiology and endurance adaptations at the cellular and systemic levels.
Preclinical studies with SLU PP 332 include careful monitoring for potential side effects and severe side effects. So far, none have been observed in animal models, but ongoing research continues to assess its safety profile.
Mice treated with SLU PP 332 have shown improved insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin resistance, along with significant reductions in body weight and adipose tissue. These findings highlight the compound’s impact on key metabolic parameters relevant to obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Food intake was measured in these studies, and mice consumed the same amount of food as controls. This indicates that the observed weight loss and reductions in adipose tissue were not due to decreased calorie intake, but rather to enhanced metabolism.
The effects of SLU PP 332 are often compared to those of endurance training and increasing physical activity, as both naturally improve metabolic health. The compound mimics many benefits of exercise, such as enhanced energy expenditure and mitochondrial function, without requiring actual physical activity in experimental models.
Preclinical research has explored the compound’s effects in heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion injury models, expanding the scope of laboratory investigations. Additionally, studies suggest that SLU PP 332 may influence mitochondrial function and inflammatory processes in aging tissues within experimental models, positioning it as a compound of interest for aging-related research.
Metabolic Syndrome Treatment
Metabolic syndrome is a complex condition characterized by a combination of risk factors such as high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, excess abdominal fat, and abnormal lipid profiles, all of which significantly increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent laboratory research has highlighted the potential of SLU PP 332, a synthetic estrogen related receptor (ERR) agonist, as a promising tool for investigating new approaches to metabolic syndrome treatment.
In studies involving obese mice, SLU PP 332 administration led to notable improvements in key metabolic parameters. Treated animals exhibited significant weight loss, reduced fat accumulation, and enhanced insulin sensitivity—hallmarks of improved metabolic control. These beneficial effects are closely linked to the compound’s ability to boost energy metabolism and promote fatty acid oxidation, particularly within skeletal muscle tissue. By enhancing mitochondrial function, SLU PP 332 supports more efficient energy production and utilization, which is critical for maintaining muscle mass and optimal muscle function.
Importantly, SLU PP 332’s impact extends beyond simple weight loss. Research suggests that the compound helps preserve muscle mass and counteracts age related muscle loss, a common concern in individuals with metabolic syndrome. By improving fatty acid metabolism and supporting healthy muscle tissue, SLU PP 332 may offer a dual benefit: reducing excess fat while maintaining or even enhancing muscle function.
Overall, the research on SLU PP 332 in animal models underscores its potential as a valuable experimental tool for studying metabolic syndrome, energy metabolism, and the interplay between fat and muscle in metabolic health. Continued investigation into its mechanisms and effects may pave the way for new strategies to address metabolic diseases and improve quality of life for those at risk.
Exercise Mimetics
Exercise mimetics are an exciting area of research, aiming to deliver the health benefits of physical exercise through pharmacological means—especially for individuals unable to engage in regular physical activity. SLU PP 332 stands out as a leading example of this innovative approach, acting as a synthetic agonist of estrogen related receptors (ERRs) to replicate many of the metabolic advantages typically associated with exercise.
By targeting ERRs, SLU PP 332 stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and enhances mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, leading to increased fatty acid oxidation and improved energy metabolism. In laboratory studies with normal weight mice, treatment with SLU PP 332 resulted in greater endurance, as evidenced by increased running time and distance. These findings suggest that the compound can effectively boost energy expenditure and whole body metabolism, much like the physiological adaptations seen with regular physical exercise.
Beyond its effects on endurance, SLU PP 332 has demonstrated the ability to improve insulin sensitivity and support the maintenance of muscle mass, making it a promising candidate for preventing muscle atrophy in situations where physical activity is limited—such as during prolonged bed rest or in individuals with mobility challenges. The compound’s capacity to mimic the metabolic effects of exercise at the cellular level opens new avenues for research into the treatment of metabolic diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes.
As an exercise mimetic, SLU PP 332 offers a unique research platform for exploring how pharmacological activation of ERRs can drive beneficial changes in muscle metabolism, fatty acid utilization, and overall metabolic efficiency. Ongoing studies continue to investigate its potential to support optimal health and metabolic resilience, reinforcing the growing interest in exercise mimetics as a novel strategy for combating the negative effects of physical inactivity.
Comparative Pharmacology
SLU PP 332 belongs to a class of synthetic ERR modulators characterized by varying selectivity profiles across ERR subtypes (ERRα, ERRβ, ERRγ). SLU PP 332 is part of a broader class of compounds being developed to target ERRs for metabolic research, including exercise mimetics aimed at treating metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and age-related muscle loss. Unlike highly selective agonists, laboratory data indicates that SLU PP 332 displays balanced, pan-ERR activation with moderate preference for ERRα, making it particularly useful for studies examining broad ERR-mediated pathways.
This non-selective activation profile distinguishes SLU PP 332 from more targeted compounds in its class, potentially making it more suitable for research focused on systemic metabolic responses rather than isolated tissue effects. Comparative studies between SLU PP 332 and other ERR modulators can provide valuable insights for researchers investigating metabolic regulation and mitochondrial function.
Understanding the pharmacological landscape of ERR modulators is essential for appreciating SLU PP 332’s position within this compound category and its potential contributions to metabolic research. The development of SLU PP 332 and related substances underscores the continued scientific interest in ERRs as potential targets for various research applications.
Researchers should review comparative data when selecting the most appropriate ERR modulator for their specific experimental questions, as the distinct selectivity profiles may yield different results depending on the research model and endpoints being examined.
Research and Development
Since its initial synthesis at Saint Louis University School of Medicine in the early 2000s, SLU PP 332 has been utilized in numerous preclinical studies focused on metabolism, exercise biology, and mitochondrial function. Multiple animal studies have validated its capacity to influence metabolic parameters, providing a foundation for continued research interest in this compound.
The development of SLU PP 332 represents an ongoing area of scientific investigation, with research currently remaining at the preclinical stage. Major challenges for advancing laboratory findings include comprehensive characterization of the compound’s properties, assessment of its full range of effects in various experimental models, and optimization of its formulation for research applications.
Translating promising animal data to broader research applications often presents difficulties due to interspecies differences in metabolism, receptor distribution, and physiological responses. These challenges highlight the importance of thorough investigation before any potential advancement beyond the current research-only status.
Collaborative efforts among academic institutions, research organizations, and manufacturing entities are essential to navigate the developmental hurdles and realize the full research potential of SLU PP 332 and similar compounds. This cooperation ensures that high-quality materials remain available for laboratory research purposes while maintaining appropriate protocols and guidelines.
More research is needed to fully understand the safety, efficacy, and potential applications of SLU PP 332, including further testing in animal models and eventual human trials. Future directions for research include refining drug formulations, conducting extensive safety testing, and planning clinical trials to evaluate efficacy and safety, with an emphasis on potential applications for improving health during aging.
Mitochondrial Function and Aging
Central to the research interest in SLU PP 332 is its observed influence on mitochondrial biogenesis and function in laboratory models. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in aging and related diseases, and SLU PP 332 is being studied for its potential to counteract these effects. Studies indicate that administration of the compound can affect mitochondrial dynamics—a key area of focus in aging research—while potentially reducing inflammatory markers in cardiac, muscle, and neural tissues in experimental settings.
Enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, resulting from ERR activation in research models, appears to underlie many of the observed effects, including altered energy expenditure and tissue responses in preclinical studies. Specifically, laboratory data supports SLU PP 332’s research utility in heart failure and ischemic injury models, highlighting areas where further investigation may be warranted.
The compound’s effects on mitochondrial parameters make it valuable for laboratory research examining the connection between energy metabolism and cellular resilience. However, it’s important to note that the exact effects in different experimental systems remain an open question, necessitating further investigation across various tissue types and research models.
Researchers interested in aging processes and metabolic regulation may find SLU PP 332 a useful tool for exploring the fundamental biological mechanisms underlying these complex phenomena, though always within the appropriate context of laboratory research.
Legal and Regulatory Status
SLU PP 332 falls strictly under the classification of a research compound and hasn’t received approval for human applications by regulatory bodies like the FDA. Research suggests that its applications remain limited to laboratory investigation purposes, where it serves as a valuable tool for scientists exploring oxidative phosphorylation and related metabolic pathways. Research teams must ensure that all work with SLU PP 332 aligns with institutional and governmental guidelines, as this compound isn’t intended for human applications or therapeutic research.
The legal standing of SLU PP 332 reflects its designation as a substance for scientific investigation exclusively, reinforcing how important responsible handling and adherence to ethical guidelines really are. Laboratories interested in utilizing SLU PP 332 for research should verify that their intended applications align with current regulatory standards and that all necessary approvals are secured. By maintaining strict compliance, research teams can continue exploring the scientific potential of SLU PP 332 while upholding the highest standards of safety and integrity in laboratory research settings.
Product Information and Availability
For laboratory research purposes, SLU PP 332 is typically supplied as a white solid with >98% purity, requiring storage at -20°C to maintain stability for up to two years. The compound is highly soluble in DMSO (75 mg/ml), which facilitates its preparation for various experimental protocols. When purchasing SLU PP 332, researchers should verify these specifications to ensure suitability for their intended applications.
Each standard unit typically contains 0.25mg of SLU PP 332, with products often supplied in 60-count containers to provide sufficient material for extended research projects. This standardized format allows for consistent experimental design and reproducible results across different laboratory settings.
It’s essential to emphasize that SLU PP 332 is intended exclusively for analytical and laboratory research purposes. When selecting a supplier for this compound, researchers should prioritize reputable sellers that provide detailed certificates of analysis and clear product information. Fast shipping options with appropriate temperature control and secure packaging help ensure that the item arrives in optimal condition for research use.
The quality of SLU PP 332 can significantly impact experimental outcomes, making it crucial to source this material from established manufacturers with demonstrated expertise in producing research compounds. Some suppliers may offer products shipped from locations such as the Netherlands, with attention to proper documentation and handling throughout the shipping process.
Safety and Side Effects
When working with SLU PP 332 in laboratory settings, researchers should adhere to standard safety protocols established for synthetic compounds of similar classification. This includes the use of appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves and eye protection, along with proper ventilation systems to minimize potential exposure during handling.
The compound should be handled with care in controlled laboratory environments, with attention to manufacturer guidelines regarding storage, reconstitution, and use. If a problem occurs during handling or preparation, researchers should consult safety data sheets and institutional protocols for appropriate response measures.
It’s worth noting that most studies involving SLU PP 332 have focused primarily on efficacy in preclinical models, with limited comprehensive toxicological data available in the published literature. As with any research compound, caution is advised when designing new experimental protocols, with careful consideration of potential interactions with other substances or materials used in the laboratory.
Researchers must exercise professional judgment and comply with institutional and governmental safety regulations when working with SLU PP 332. Any laboratory planning to add this compound to their research program should first review all available safety information and establish appropriate handling procedures.
Conclusion and Future Outlook
SLU PP 332 continues to represent an area of significant research interest, with ongoing laboratory studies exploring its properties and potential applications in various experimental models. As a synthetic ERR agonist, it offers researchers a valuable tool for investigating metabolic pathways, mitochondrial function, and cellular responses to energetic challenges.
The compound’s chemical structure and mechanism of action provide a foundation for understanding its effects in experimental systems, while its established synthesis pathway ensures consistent availability for laboratory research purposes. The ongoing characterization of SLU PP 332’s properties continues to expand our knowledge of ERR biology and its role in cellular metabolism.
Future research directions may include more detailed exploration of tissue-specific effects, interaction with various signaling pathways, and comparative studies with other ERR modulators. Each of these research avenues may contribute valuable insights to our understanding of fundamental biological processes related to energy metabolism and cellular adaptation.
For researchers interested in exploring the properties of SLU PP 332 further, consulting recent scientific literature on ERR modulators may provide additional insights and methodological approaches. When considering SLU PP 332 for laboratory research, selecting high-quality materials from reputable sellers ensures optimal experimental outcomes and research validity.
As the body of research surrounding SLU PP 332 continues to grow, this compound is likely to remain an important tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolism, exercise physiology, and mitochondrial function in controlled laboratory settings.
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