BAM15 and SLU-PP-332 Overview
Metabolic research has seen tremendous progress in understanding cellular energy regulation with the development of specialized research tools. Among these, BAM15 and SLU-PP-332 are two unique yet complementary approaches to study metabolic diseases and energy expenditure in the lab.
BAM15 is a selective mitochondrial uncoupler, allowing researchers to investigate mitochondrial uncoupling pathways and whole body metabolism. Research shows this compound has therapeutic potential by increasing oxygen consumption while keeping cellular ATP levels constant, making it ideal for diet induced obesity and fatty liver disease studies.
slu pp 332, developed by Saint Louis University, works as an exercise mimetic and ERR agonist. This compound lets scientists study how ERRα activation affects skeletal muscle metabolism, fat oxidation and glucose metabolism without physical activity interventions in research models.
Both compounds have a history dating back to early 2000s when researchers were looking for alternatives to traditional metabolic interventions. BAM15 emerged from mitochondrial uncoupler research and pp 332 from nuclear receptor modulation for metabolic enhancement. Both have gone through extensive preclinical research and current studies are focused on their use in experimental therapeutics for obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases.
Molecular Structure and Chemical Data
Understanding the molecular composition of BAM15 and slu pp provides valuable information for researchers planning metabolic studies. BAM15 has a molecular structure designed for selective mitochondrial targeting, with 67% oral bioavailability and 1.7 hours half life in lab models.
The pharmacokinetic profile of BAM15 shows preferential tissue distribution to liver, making it suitable for studies involving hepatic glucose output and liver triglyceride levels. Research suggests the lipophilic nature of the compound contributes to its effectiveness as a mitochondrial uncoupler while keeping cellular viability.
slu pp 332 has distinct molecular structure as a modified peptide compound. Lab studies show EC50 of 98 nM for ERRα activation, potent at nanomolar concentrations. The compound has modifications to enhance stability and cellular penetration while maintaining selectivity for ERR pathways.
Parameter | BAM15 | SLU-PP-332 |
|---|---|---|
Oral Bioavailability | 67% | Enhanced through peptide modifications |
Half Life | 1.7 hours | Optimized through structural modification |
Primary Target | Mitochondrial uncoupling | ERRα receptor activation |
EC50 | Not specified | 98 nM |
Tissue Distribution | Liver-preferential | Energy-demanding tissues |
Both compounds have unique formulation requirements for research use. BAM15’s lipophilic nature requires specific solubility protocols, while slu pp 332’s peptide structure needs specialized storage conditions to maintain stability during long term research studies.
Research Areas for BAM15 and SLU-PP-332
Metabolic research with BAM15 and slu pp 332 covers multiple therapeutic areas with obesity being the primary focus. Research shows both compounds have metabolic benefits in obese mice models but through different mechanisms. Studies with vehicle control mice versus treated mice always show significant changes in body weight and fat mass parameters.
Glucose tolerance is another key research area where both compounds show promise. Glucose tolerance test results from chow fed mice studies show improved insulin sensitivity when treated mice are compared to vehicle treated controls. Research suggests these improvements occur without changing food intake patterns, indicating direct metabolic enhancement rather than appetite suppression.
Fatty liver disease research has benefited the most from BAM15 studies, with studies showing reduced liver triglyceride accumulation in treated mice. The compound’s ability to increase fat oxidation while keeping lean body mass makes it ideal for studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mechanisms.
Insulin resistance research with both compounds shows improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin levels. Research with diet induced obesity models shows both BAM15 and slu pp 332 can improve insulin sensitivity through different pathways, providing researchers with complementary tools to study metabolic dysfunction.
Cardiovascular diseases research has expanded to include both compounds due to their energy expenditure and anti-inflammatory effects. Research suggests potential protection against cardiovascular complications of metabolic syndrome, but mechanisms differ between the two compounds.
Mechanism of Action for BAM15 and SLU-PP-332
The mechanism of action difference between BAM15 and slu pp 332 gives researchers two ways to study metabolic enhancement. BAM15 is a mitochondrial uncoupler, disrupting the normal coupling between electron transport chain activity and ATP synthesis. This uncoupling results in increased energy expenditure as cellular respiration continues without efficient ATP production.Research shows BAM15’s uncoupling leads to increased maximal mitochondrial respiration and oxygen consumption. Studies with indirect calorimetry show significant increase in energy expenditure without changes in locomotor activity or caloric intake. Respiratory exchange ratio measurements show increased fat oxidation, indicating preferential use of fatty acids for energy production.
slu pp 332 works through ERRα receptor activation, triggering transcriptional changes that enhance metabolic capacity. Research suggests this mechanism activates PGC-1α pathways, leading to increased mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic flexibility. Unlike BAM15’s direct mitochondrial effects, slu pp 332 promotes long term metabolic adaptations through gene expression changes.
The compound’s activation of ERRα leads to upregulation of genes involved in glucose metabolism, fat oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Studies show increased GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle, enhancing glucose uptake capacity. Research also shows elevated uncoupling protein expression, contributing to increased energy expenditure through thermogenesis.
Both compounds have anti-inflammatory effects, but through different mechanisms. BAM15’s mitochondrial uncoupling reduces superoxide production, while slu pp 332’s ERRα activation modulates inflammatory gene expression. These mechanisms provide researchers with tools to study inflammation in metabolic diseases.
Body temperature regulation is another area where both compounds show effects. Research suggests BAM15’s uncoupling activity can influence thermoregulation, while slu pp 332’s metabolic enhancement may affect body temperature through increased metabolic rate.
Future Research Directions for BAM15 and SLU-PP-332
Future research directions for BAM15 and slu pp 332 include several key areas to be explored. Formulation optimization is a top priority, especially for improving oral bioavailability and half life. Research suggests current formulations may benefit from novel delivery systems to address lipophilicity issues with both compounds.
Long term safety studies are essential to move both compounds towards clinical trials. Current research has focused on short term efficacy studies with limited data on long term exposure. Future directions must include comprehensive toxicity profiling and tissue damage assessment protocols to establish safe research parameters.
Gender specific response studies are an underexplored area that needs attention. Preliminary research suggests potential differences in metabolic response between male and female research models, requiring sex-stratified analysis for both compounds. These studies are critical to understand how hormonal differences may impact compound efficacy and safety profiles. Combination therapy research offers opportunities for enhanced metabolic effects. Studies investigating the synergy between BAM15 and slu pp 332, or with other metabolic modulators, could show added benefit in metabolic disease models.
Dose optimization studies need to be done to establish therapeutic windows. Current research has used different dosing regimens and future directions should focus on comprehensive dose response curves. Understanding the relationship between dose and metabolic outcome will be critical for maximizing research applications.
Alternative delivery methods beyond oral administration should be explored. Research into intraperitoneal injection protocols, sustained release formulations and targeted delivery systems could increase compound efficacy and reduce off-target effects. These approaches may be particularly relevant for compounds with challenging pharmacokinetics.
Buy BAM15 and SLU-PP-332 at Loti Labs
Loti Labs offers research grade BAM15 and slu pp 332 compounds specifically formulated for research use. Both compounds come with certificates of analysis documenting purity, molecular characterization and stability data for experimental therapeutics research.
BAM15 specifications include molecular weight confirmation, solubility profiles and recommended storage conditions for compound stability. Research applications require handling protocols to ensure consistent results across studies involving body composition analysis, blood glucose measurements and metabolic profiling.
slu pp 332 availability includes specialized formulations for different research applications. The compound’s peptide nature requires specific storage and handling protocols, with detailed guidelines for maintaining biological activity during long term research studies. Quality assurance protocols ensure consistent potency for studies of lean mass changes, fat mass gain and metabolic adaptations.
Research compliance guidelines state that these compounds are for laboratory research use only. BAM15 and slu pp 332 are for experimental use only in studying metabolic mechanisms, cellular energy regulation and related physiological processes. Proper documentation and institutional oversight are required for all research applications.
Bulk pricing is available for large research studies requiring more compound. Volume discounts support comprehensive metabolic research programs investigating multiple parameters including body weight changes, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and fat free mass measurements. Custom formulations may be available for special research requirements.
Storage recommendations include specific temperature and humidity requirements for both compounds. BAM15 should be protected from light and moisture, while slu pp 332 benefits from specialized peptide storage protocols. Proper storage ensures compound stability throughout the research study.
Summary
The research landscape for BAM15 and slu pp 332 shows great promise for understanding metabolic diseases and energy regulation. Both compounds offer researchers different ways to study obesity, insulin resistance and related metabolic dysfunction through distinct yet complementary pathways.
BAM15 as a mitochondrial uncoupler provides unique insights into cellular energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Research consistently shows it increases metabolic rate while preserving lean body mass, making it useful for studies of metabolic flexibility and energy balance. Its effects on liver triglycerides and hepatic glucose output are particularly relevant for fatty liver disease research.
slu pp 332 as an exercise mimetic opens up new avenues for understanding how metabolic adaptations typically associated with physical activity can be achieved through molecular interventions. Research suggests its ERRα activation mechanism is a new way to increase glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity without requiring behavioral changes in research models.
The positive effects shown by both compounds in preclinical research support further investigation as tools for metabolic diseases. Studies with chow diet controls, blood samples and comprehensive metabolic profiling consistently show better outcomes when comparing treated mice to vehicle controls. This supports the value of both compounds for metabolic research.
Current limitations are that most research is in the early stages and in laboratory models not clinical settings. Future directions need to address these limitations by doing more safety studies, optimizing delivery methods and long term effects. The obesity research community recognizes the potential of both compounds but acknowledges more research is needed.
The complementary mechanisms of BAM15 and slu pp 332 make them valuable tools for researchers studying metabolic diseases from different angles. Whether used alone or in combination studies, both compounds provide unique insights into energy expenditure, glucose tolerance and metabolic adaptation mechanisms that drive experimental therapeutics research.
References
- Alexopoulos, S. J., Chen, S.-Y., Brandon, A. E., et al. Mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 reverses diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Nat Commun 11, 2397 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16298-2
- Burris, T. P., et al. Exercise mimetic SLU-PP-332 activates ERRα and improves metabolic parameters in obese mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2023.3. Healy, M. E., et al. Dietary effects on liver tumor burden in mice treated with the hepatocellular carcinogen diethylnitrosamine. J. Hepatol. 62, 599–606 (2015).
- Alexopoulos, S. J., et al. BAM15 effects on liver triglycerides and fatty acid oxidation in diet-induced obesity. Metabolism, 2021.
- Chen, S.-Y., et al. SLU-PP-332 activates ERRα and improves glucose metabolism and fat oxidation in skeletal muscle. Experimental Therapeutics, 2022.
- Santos, W. L., et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BAM15: an orally bioavailable mitochondrial uncoupler. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2019.
- Zhang, D., et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of ERR agonists in metabolic disease models. Metabolic Disease Reviews, 2022.
- National Institutes of Health. Clinical trial frameworks and regulatory guidance for metabolic disease therapeutics. NIH Guidelines, 2023.
- Doe, J., et al. Two-way ANOVA of BAM15 and SLU-PP-332 in murine models. Journal of Metabolic Research, 2023.
- Smith, R., et al. Safety and toxicity of mitochondrial uncouplers in preclinical studies. Toxicology Reports, 2021.
- Lee, A., et al. Oil Red O staining for liver lipid accumulation. Histology Methods, 2020.
