What is MOTS-c Peptide
Research shows that mitochondrial derived peptides are a new frontier in cellular metabolism studies and mots c is one of the most studied peptide. MOTS-c, a 16 amino acid mitochondrial derived peptide, was discovered by analyzing the mitochondrial genome and is encoded by the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. This encoded peptide mots c is highly conserved across multiple species, meaning it’s important for cellular function.
Studies show that mots c is expressed in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and circulating plasma where it acts as a mitochondrial hormone involved in metabolic homeostasis. The discovery of this mitochondrial encoded peptide mots c is a major breakthrough in mitochondrial-nuclear communication since research on mitochondria derived peptides started gaining momentum in early 2000s.
Research on mots c has shown its critical role in regulating metabolic homeostasis through complex molecular mechanisms that bridge mitochondrial and nuclear cellular compartments. It shows unique properties in cellular metabolism regulation especially under metabolic stress.
Molecular Composition and Chemical Data
The full amino acid sequence of mots c peptide is 16 amino acids with a molecular weight of 1815.12 Da. Structural analysis shows that the first 11 amino acids are highly conserved across 14 different species, meaning evolutionary preservation of functional domains. This conservation pattern means endogenous mots c is important for cellular processes across different biological systems.
Comparison with other mitochondrial derived peptides like Humanin and SHLP1-6 shows that mots c peptide has unique structural features that enable its specific metabolic functions. Research shows that these structural differences allow mots c to regulate nuclear gene expression through different molecular pathways not seen with other peptides from mitochondrial DNA.
Chemical stability studies show the compound is stable under different experimental conditions making it suitable for research. Synthesis methods have been optimized to achieve high purity specifications required for research and proper storage protocols to ensure compound integrity for extended research periods.
Property | Value |
|---|---|
Amino Acids | 16 |
Molecular Weight | 1815.12 Da |
Species Conservation | 14 species |
Primary Tissues | Skeletal muscle, adipose tissue |
Storage Temperature | -20°C |
Research Areas for MOTS-c Peptide
Metabolic Homeostasis and Glucose Regulation
Research shows that mots c treatment affects glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles by increasing glucose uptake mechanisms. Studies show that the effect of mots c on glucose homeostasis involves complex interactions between mitochondrial function and nuclear genes regulation. Investigation shows that mouse skeletal muscle responds to mots c with improved glucose metabolism efficiency especially under metabolic stress.
The effects of mots c on insulin sensitivity have been studied extensively. Studies show that mots c treatment can reduce insulin resistance by activating cellular pathways that enhance glucose metabolism. Research shows that endogenous mots c levels correlate with better skeletal muscle metabolism and overall glucose homeostasis.
Aging and Cellular Health
Research on age related physical decline shows significant correlation with declining plasma mots c levels in experimental models. Studies show that young mice have higher circulating mots c levels compared to aged mice, meaning endogenous mots c expression is related to cellular aging process.
Studies on mitochondrial and cellular health show that mots c peptide expression decreases with age, possibly contributing to reduced mitochondrial function and metabolic efficiency. Research shows that this decline in mots c levels may be a key factor in age related metabolic dysfunction and reduced skeletal muscle function.
Cardiovascular Disease Research
Cardiovascular disease research has identified potential mechanisms of mots c. Studies show that the compound may affect cardiovascular diseases through metabolic pathways and cellular stress responses. Investigation shows that mots c interacts with various cellular protective mechanisms, potentially useful for cardiovascular research applications.
Research shows that the role of mots c in cardiovascular protection may be through regulation of reactive oxygen species production and enhancement of cellular antioxidant responses. Studies show that these mechanisms can contribute to better cardiovascular function in experimental models.
Exercise Physiology and Physical Performance
Exercise intervention studies show significant increase in mots c expression, with research showing 11.9 fold increase during exercise. This huge increase means endogenous mots c plays a critical role in exercise induced metabolic adaptations and skeletal muscle function enhancement.
Research shows that exercise induced mots c expression correlates with better muscle homeostasis and cellular metabolism. Studies show that regular exercise may be a natural way to optimize endogenous mots c levels and associated metabolic benefits.
Mechanism of Action for MOTS-c Peptide
AMPK Pathway Activation
The molecular mechanism of mots c is centered on AMPK pathway activation. Research shows that mots c treatment activates this energy sensor in cells leading to increased glucose uptake and better metabolic efficiency in skeletal muscles. Studies show that this activation is through specific protein protein interactions that trigger downstream metabolic cascades.
Investigation shows that the compound’s ability to increase glucose metabolism depends on functional AMPK signaling pathways. Research suggests that mots c is a metabolic switch that promotes energy production and glucose utilization efficiency through this well known cellular mechanism.
Nuclear Translocation and Gene Expression
Research shows that mots c has stress induced nuclear translocation ability, allowing it to directly regulate nuclear gene expression under specific conditions. Studies show that this translocation enables the peptide to interact with transcription factors like NRF2, ATF1/7 and HSF1 and lead to adaptive nuclear gene expression changes.
Investigation shows that mots c regulates nuclear gene expression through binding to antioxidant response elements (ARE) and modulation of gene transcription. Research indicates that this mechanism allows the compound to coordinate mitochondrial-nuclear communication and promote cellular adaptation to metabolic stress.
Folate-AICAR-AMPK Signaling
Studies show that mots c works through a complex folate-AICAR-AMPK signaling cascade that regulates cellular metabolism. Research reveals that this pathway enables the compound to coordinate multiple aspects of cellular energy metabolism and metabolic homeostasis.
Investigation shows that significantly differentially regulated genes respond to mots c through this signaling mechanism. Research suggests that this pathway is a fundamental aspect of mitochondrial derived peptide function in cellular metabolism regulation.
Future Research Directions for MOTS-c Peptide
Exercise Protocol Optimization
Future research directions include investigation of optimal exercise protocols to increase endogenous mots c production. Studies show that specific exercise intensities and durations can increase natural mots c expression, providing insights for research applications in exercise physiology and metabolic optimization.
Research shows that understanding the relationship between exercise intervention and mots c levels can lead to better exercise protocols for studying metabolic adaptations and skeletal muscle function enhancement.
Synthetic Biology Applications
Research into synthetic biology using engineered probiotics is an emerging area for mots c delivery systems. Research suggests that these approaches can provide new ways to study the compound in controlled environments.
Studies show that engineered delivery systems can allow more precise investigation of dose dependent manner responses and tissue specific effects of mots c in research settings.
Tissue-Specific Research
Tissue specific mots c research across multiple tissues is a top priority. Studies show that the compound may have different mechanisms and effects depending on target tissue characteristics and metabolic demands.
Research shows that tissue specific responses could reveal new applications for mots c in organ specific metabolic regulation and cellular function optimization.
Clinical Translation Studies
Future research will focus on bridging experimental findings to clinical applications for age related metabolic disorders and healthspan extension. Studies suggest that understanding the compound’s mechanism can inform research into metabolic dysfunction and aging related cellular changes.
Research into combination therapies with other mitochondrial derived peptides is another promising research direction. Research shows that synergistic effects between different mitochondrial peptides can enhance overall metabolic benefits in experimental models.
Safety and Optimization Research
Long term safety studies and optimization protocols are essential research priorities for mots c research. Studies show that comprehensive safety profiles and optimal experimental parameters must be established for responsible research applications.
Research shows that understanding the compound’s long term effects and optimal experimental conditions will be critical for advancing scientific knowledge in mitochondrial peptide research.
Buy MOTS-c Peptide at Loti Labs
High purity mots c peptide is available for research use only through authorized research suppliers. Multiple vial sizes from 2mg to 10mg cater to different research needs and experimental protocols. Each batch includes certificate of analysis and third party testing verification for research grade quality.
Storage requirements are -20°C with specific reconstitution guidelines provided for optimal compound stability. Research institutions can access detailed protocols for handling and preparation procedures to maintain compound integrity throughout experimental applications.
Vial Size | Purity Level | Storage Requirements | Research Applications |
|---|---|---|---|
2mg | >98% | -20°C | Preliminary studies |
5mg | >98% | -20°C | Extended research |
10mg | >98% | -20°C | Comprehensive studies |
Compliance with research institution requirements and shipping regulations ensures proper handling throughout the supply chain. Customer support provides technical assistance for research applications and experimental design considerations to help researchers optimize their protocol.
Research applications must follow institutional guidelines and safety protocols. The compound is supplied for laboratory research use only and requires research facility oversight for all experimental applications.
Summary and Conclusion
MOTS-c is a key mitochondrial derived peptide with significant implications for metabolic research and cellular biology. Research shows that this 16 amino acid peptide plays roles in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and age related cellular function through complex molecular mechanisms involving AMPK activation and nuclear gene expression.
The main research areas are metabolism, aging and cardiovascular research. Studies show that mots c treatment can affect multiple aspects of cellular function from glucose uptake to mitochondrial function and metabolic stress adaptation.
Current limitations in mots c research include incomplete understanding of tissue specific mechanisms, optimal experimental parameters and long term cellular effects. There are gaps in understanding the full spectrum of molecular interactions and optimal protocols for different research applications.
Research into mots c for metabolic studies and aging research is ongoing. Studies suggest that further research will be needed to translate experimental findings into practical research applications and advance scientific understanding of mitochondrial derived peptide function.
The importance of further research for mitochondrial peptide science cannot be overstated. Research shows that mots c is just one example of the broader potential of mitochondrial derived peptides in cellular metabolism research and therapeutic research.
Future research will likely focus on optimizing protocols, tissue specific effects and combination approaches with other research compounds. Research suggests that the field of mitochondrial peptide research has a lot to offer for advancing scientific knowledge in metabolism, aging and cellular function regulation.
References
- Lee, C., Zeng, J., Drew, B. G., Sallam, T., Martin-Montalvo, A., Wan, J., et al. (2015). The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism, 21(3), 443–454.
- Reynolds, J. C., Lai, R. W., Woodhead, J. S. T., Joly, J. H., Mitchell, C. J., Cameron-Smith, D., et al. (2021). MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nature Communications, 12(1), 470.3. Wan, W., Zhang, L., Lin, Y., Rao, X., Hua, F., & Ying, J. (2023). MOTS-c: a mitochondria-derived peptide related to stress, metabolism and aging. Journal of Translational Medicine, 21, 36.
- Cho, Y. M., Kong, B. S., & Lee, C. H. (2023). MOTS-c, Diabetes and aging-related diseases. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.
- Kim, K. H., Son, J. M., Benayoun, B. A., & Lee, C. (2018). The mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to metabolic stress. Cell Metabolism, 28(3), 516–524.
- Cobb, L. J., Lee, C., Xiao, J., Yen, K., Wong, R. G., Nakamura, H. K., et al. (2016). Naturally occurring mitochondrial-derived peptides are age-dependent regulators of apoptosis, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers. Aging, 8(4), 796–809.
- Ming, W., Lu, G., Xin, S., Huanyu, L., Yinghao, J., Xiaoying, L., et al. (2016). MOTS-c suppresses ovariectomy-induced bone loss via AMPK activation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 476(4), 412–419.
- Jiang, J., Chang, X., Nie, Y., Shen, Y., Liang, X., Peng, Y., et al. (2021). Peripheral administration of a cell-penetrating MOTS-c analogue enhances memory and attenuates Aβ1-42- or LPS-induced memory impairment through inhibiting neuroinflammation. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 12(9), 1506–1518.11. Yan, Z., Zhu, S., Wang, H., Wang, L., Du, T., Ye, Z., et al. (2019). MOTS-c prevents osteolysis in mouse calvaria by regulating osteocyte-osteoclast crosstalk and inflammation. Pharmacological Research, 147, 104381.
- Alis, R., Lucia, A., Blesa, J. R., & Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2015). Mitochondrial derived peptides (MDPs). Journal of Cellular Physiology, 230(12), 2903–2904.
